Natural remedies for stress and anxiety
Direct answer
Ashwagandha root extract and a standardised oral lavender oil (Silexan, 80 mg a day) are the best-supported supplements for anxiety, each rated Moderate (3). The caution that matters most is liver safety: kava, ashwagandha, skullcap and oral centella have all been linked to rare liver injury.
The trials behind both are small, short or largely manufacturer-funded, and NCCIH still calls the ashwagandha anxiety findings inconclusive.
For everyday stress nothing here is better than Limited (2). That includes the inhaled aroma oils (bergamot, lemon, lemongrass, neroli and orange), whose small trials could not hide the scent from the people smelling it. Sandalwood oil has only an inconclusive pilot (rated 1), and most other options rest on small trials or traditional use.
Compare the options
Of the 22 remedies for stress and anxiety we have rated, 2 have Moderate or Strong evidence for this use (none Strong). See our evidence report.
Click a column heading to sort.
| Rated for | Typical form & use | Main caution | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ashwagandha Withania somnifera (root) | Moderate | Anxiety symptoms | Root extract, 250–600 mg a day | Rare liver injury; avoid in pregnancy | 4+ weeks |
| Lavender Lavandula angustifolia (flower, oil) | Moderate | Anxiety: oral lavender oil capsules | Oral oil (Silexan), 80 mg daily | Little pregnancy data; theoretical sedative overlap | 2 weeks |
| Bergamot Citrus bergamia (peel oil, fruit) | Limited | Anxiety and stress (essential oil, inhaled) | Essential oil, inhaled; not standardised | Essential oil on skin causes burns in sunlight | 4+ weeks |
| Chamomile Matricaria chamomilla (flower) | Limited | Generalised anxiety disorder (GAD) symptoms | Extract 1,500 mg/day (GAD trials) | Avoid if allergic to ragweed or daisy-family plants | 4+ weeks |
| Holy basil (tulsi) Ocimum tenuiflorum (leaf) | Limited | Everyday stress | Leaf extract, 125 mg twice daily | Long-term safety unstudied; check with diabetes drugs | 4+ weeks |
| Inositol Myo- and D-chiro-inositol (cyclitol) | Limited | Panic disorder | Myo-inositol powder, 12–18 g daily | Nausea and diarrhoea at about 12 g a day | 4+ weeks |
| Kava Piper methysticum (root) | Limited | Short-term anxiety | Aqueous root extract, 120–240 mg/day | Rare serious liver injury; never with alcohol | 2 weeks |
| L-Theanine Amino acid from tea (Camellia sinensis) | Limited | Stress and anxiety | Capsule or tablet, 200 mg | Pregnancy and long-term safety data are lacking | Same night |
| Lemon Balm Melissa officinalis (leaf) | Limited | Anxiety and low mood | Extract 300–900 mg, or leaf tea | May impair driving; avoid in pregnancy | About a week |
| Lemon essential oil Citrus limon (peel essential oil) | Limited | Anxiety and mood (inhaled) | Inhaled lemon oil; no standard dose | Cold-pressed oil on skin burns in sunlight | 2–3 days |
| Lemongrass Cymbopogon citratus (leaf and oil) | Limited | Anxiety (aroma of the oil) | Inhaled: 3–6 drops on cloth or inhaler | Skin sensitiser: don't apply neat; never swallow | About a week |
| Magnesium glycinate Magnesium bisglycinate (mineral chelate) | Limited | Anxiety and stress | Bisglycinate, 250 mg elemental Mg | Loose stools above about 250–350 mg supplemental Mg | 4+ weeks |
| Neroli oil Citrus aurantium (bitter orange blossom) | Limited | Anxiety (inhaled aroma) | Inhaled, 5 drops on a mask twice daily | Undiluted oil can sensitise skin; do not swallow | Same night |
| Orange essential oil Citrus sinensis (sweet orange peel oil) | Limited | Anxiety in dental patients (diffused scent) | Diffused or inhaled; no standard dose | Trials inhaled only; never swallow the oil | Same night |
| Passionflower Passiflora incarnata (aerial parts) | Limited | Generalised anxiety | Extract 500 mg, or tea 1–2 g herb | May add to anaesthetics and sedatives; not in pregnancy | 2 weeks |
| Rhodiola Rhodiola rosea (root and rhizome) | Limited | Stress and mild anxiety symptoms | Ethanol extract, 144–400 mg daily | Not for pregnancy; check with antidepressant use | 4+ weeks |
| Saffron Crocus sativus (stigma) | Limited | Anxiety symptoms | Stigma extract, 28–30 mg daily | Not for pregnancy; toxic in multi-gram doses | 4+ weeks |
| Skullcap Scutellaria lateriflora (aerial parts) | Limited | Mild anxiety and low mood | Dried herb, 350 mg three times daily | Liver injury reported; germander adulteration | 2 weeks |
| Centella (gotu kola) Centella asiatica (aerial parts) | Traditional | Anxiety and low mood (oral) | Oral triterpene extract, 60–120 mg/day | Rare liver injury reported with oral use | 4+ weeks |
| Hops Humulus lupulus (female cone) | Traditional | Mild mental stress | Dry extract, 125 mg 2–3 times daily | May cause drowsiness; not for pregnancy | 2 weeks |
| Sandalwood oil Santalum album (heartwood essential oil) | Traditional | Anxiety (aroma) | Inhaled or aroma oil; no standard dose | Often adulterated; can cause skin allergy | 2 weeks |
| Valerian Valeriana officinalis (root) | Traditional | Mild nervous tension and stress | Dry extract, 400–600 mg per dose | Adds to alcohol and sedatives; not for pregnancy | 2 weeks |
- Rated for
- Anxiety symptoms
- Form
- Root extract, 250–600 mg a day
- Onset
- 4+ weeks
- Rated for
- Anxiety: oral lavender oil capsules
- Form
- Oral oil (Silexan), 80 mg daily
- Onset
- 2 weeks
- Rated for
- Anxiety and stress (essential oil, inhaled)
- Form
- Essential oil, inhaled; not standardised
- Onset
- 4+ weeks
- Rated for
- Generalised anxiety disorder (GAD) symptoms
- Form
- Extract 1,500 mg/day (GAD trials)
- Onset
- 4+ weeks
- Rated for
- Everyday stress
- Form
- Leaf extract, 125 mg twice daily
- Onset
- 4+ weeks
- Rated for
- Panic disorder
- Form
- Myo-inositol powder, 12–18 g daily
- Onset
- 4+ weeks
- Rated for
- Short-term anxiety
- Form
- Aqueous root extract, 120–240 mg/day
- Onset
- 2 weeks
- Rated for
- Stress and anxiety
- Form
- Capsule or tablet, 200 mg
- Onset
- Same night
- Rated for
- Anxiety and low mood
- Form
- Extract 300–900 mg, or leaf tea
- Onset
- About a week
- Rated for
- Anxiety and mood (inhaled)
- Form
- Inhaled lemon oil; no standard dose
- Onset
- 2–3 days
- Rated for
- Anxiety (aroma of the oil)
- Form
- Inhaled: 3–6 drops on cloth or inhaler
- Onset
- About a week
- Rated for
- Anxiety and stress
- Form
- Bisglycinate, 250 mg elemental Mg
- Onset
- 4+ weeks
- Rated for
- Anxiety (inhaled aroma)
- Form
- Inhaled, 5 drops on a mask twice daily
- Onset
- Same night
- Rated for
- Anxiety in dental patients (diffused scent)
- Form
- Diffused or inhaled; no standard dose
- Onset
- Same night
- Rated for
- Generalised anxiety
- Form
- Extract 500 mg, or tea 1–2 g herb
- Onset
- 2 weeks
- Rated for
- Stress and mild anxiety symptoms
- Form
- Ethanol extract, 144–400 mg daily
- Onset
- 4+ weeks
- Rated for
- Anxiety symptoms
- Form
- Stigma extract, 28–30 mg daily
- Onset
- 4+ weeks
- Rated for
- Mild anxiety and low mood
- Form
- Dried herb, 350 mg three times daily
- Onset
- 2 weeks
- Rated for
- Anxiety and low mood (oral)
- Form
- Oral triterpene extract, 60–120 mg/day
- Onset
- 4+ weeks
- Rated for
- Mild mental stress
- Form
- Dry extract, 125 mg 2–3 times daily
- Onset
- 2 weeks
- Rated for
- Anxiety (aroma)
- Form
- Inhaled or aroma oil; no standard dose
- Onset
- 2 weeks
- Rated for
- Mild nervous tension and stress
- Form
- Dry extract, 400–600 mg per dose
- Onset
- 2 weeks
Quick picks
Rated Moderate (3) for anxiety symptoms: a meta-analysis of 9 trials (558 people) found a Hamilton Anxiety score 2.19 points lower than placebo, and a later one of 15 trials reported 3.52 points at 8 weeks. For perceived stress alone it is only Limited (2), because one review found lower cortisol but no effect on perceived stress.
Gentlest optionL-TheanineRated Limited (2) for stress and anxiety: the acute stress effect was modest (SMD 0.31) and driven by trials at high risk of bias, and anxiety effects were inconsistent. It was well tolerated in the trials reviewed, though we found no data on pregnancy.
Traditional favouritePassionflowerRated Limited (2): 500 mg an hour and a half before surgery lowered anxiety scores versus placebo in 60 patients, but a later 30-patient dental trial found no difference. It matched oxazepam in one 36-person pilot; the trials are small and NCCIH says conclusions are not definite.
Key facts about stress and anxiety
- In a 2001–2003 US survey, an estimated 19.1% of adults had an anxiety disorder in the past year, and 31.1% had one at some point in their lives.9
- In the same US survey, past-year anxiety disorders were more common in women (23.4%) than men (14.3%), and least common in adults aged 60 and over (9.0%).9
- Anxiety disorders are the world's most common mental disorders, affecting 470 million people in 2023, and more women are affected than men. Only about 1 in 4 people with one receive treatment.10
- In Great Britain, 964,000 workers had work-related stress, depression or anxiety in 2024/25, losing 22.1 million working days, an average of 22.9 days per case.11
- Stress, depression or anxiety made up 52% of all work-related ill health in Great Britain in 2024/25. Workload pressures and a lack of support from managers were the main causes workers gave.11
- Stress can cause physical symptoms such as headaches, stomach problems, aches and dizziness. In the UK, contact NHS 111 or a GP if stress is affecting your daily life or symptoms worry you.2
Talk to a doctor first if…
Who should avoid
- Serious or worsening anxiety or low mood: this needs a health professional, not a supplement.
- Pregnancy and breastfeeding: avoid nearly all of these. Kava, ashwagandha, passionflower, lavender, lemon balm, hops, valerian, rhodiola and saffron each carry a regulator or NCCIH warning or lack safety data.
- Liver disease: do not use kava, ashwagandha, skullcap or oral centella.
- Aroma oils in pregnancy, breastfeeding or children: we found no safety data beyond inhaled trials for bergamot, lemongrass, lemon, neroli, orange or sandalwood oil.
- Aroma oils: use them inhaled, not swallowed.
- Bergamot oil: on skin before sun or a tanning bed it has caused blistering phototoxic burns.
- Cold-pressed lemon oil: it also burns skin in sunlight.
- Lemongrass, neroli, orange and sandalwood oil: undiluted, they can cause skin allergy.
Known interactions
- Kava: never combine it with alcohol or sedatives.
- Sedatives: valerian, passionflower, ashwagandha and lavender may add to them.
- Warfarin: chamomile can interact with it.
- Thyroid medicines: ashwagandha needs care.
- Antidepressants: rhodiola and saffron are studied with them but have limited interaction data, so ask a pharmacist first.
- Inhaled aroma oils: bergamot, lemongrass, lemon, neroli, orange and sandalwood have no documented interactions in their entries.
Before you reach for an ingredient
Regular physical activity has the best evidence of any non-drug measure for anxiety and distress, and it is worth trying before or alongside a supplement.
- An umbrella review of 97 systematic reviews (1,039 trials, 128,119 participants) found physical activity had medium effects on anxiety (median effect size -0.42) and psychological distress (-0.60) compared with usual care, including in healthy adults. Higher-intensity activity gave greater improvements. Most of the reviews were rated critically low on quality, so treat the size of the effect as approximate.1
- The NHS suggests being regularly active to burn off nervous energy, breaking tasks into smaller chunks, planning ahead for stressful days, and short breathing exercises. Its Every Mind Matters site also offers self-help CBT techniques.2
- If stress is affecting daily life, the NHS advises contacting NHS 111 or a GP; in England you can refer yourself for free NHS talking therapies without seeing a GP.2
Questions people ask
What is the best supplement for anxiety?
Ashwagandha root extract and standardised oral lavender oil (Silexan) are each rated Moderate (3) for anxiety. Both come with limits: ashwagandha trials are small and short, and most Silexan trials were funded or co-authored by its manufacturer.
For perceived stress rather than anxiety the ashwagandha reviews disagree (one found lower scores, another lower cortisol with no change in perceived stress). Rare cases of liver injury have been reported, so avoid it in pregnancy.
Does aromatherapy with essential oils help anxiety?
A little, in small, short trials that could not hide the scent, so expectation may explain part of the effect. Bergamot aroma stones lowered pre-exam anxiety against water in 57 students (open-label), and sniffing lemongrass oil cut anxiety before a stress test in 40 healthy men.
Neroli oil lowered anxiety scores in 140 coronary care patients against paraffin (34.7 versus 42.4), and orange scent lowered dental anxiety slightly, mostly in women. Lemon oil results are mixed and sandalwood has only an inconclusive pilot.
Keep the oils inhaled, because bergamot on skin before sun causes blistering burns and lemongrass is a skin sensitiser.
Is kava safe for anxiety?
It may ease anxiety in the short term, but a 16-week trial in 171 people with generalised anxiety disorder found no benefit. Kava has been linked to rare, sometimes fatal liver injury, and NCCIH says it should not be combined with alcohol or sedatives.
Can I take St John's wort for anxiety?
St John's wort is not covered here: its evidence is for mild to moderate depression, not anxiety, and it interacts with many medicines including SSRIs and the contraceptive pill. See the Low Mood hub (/remedies/mood/) for its evidence and cautions, and check with a doctor or pharmacist before taking it.
Sources (11)
- Umbrella review Singh B, Olds T, Curtis R, et al. Effectiveness of physical activity interventions for improving depression, anxiety and distress: an overview of systematic reviews. Br J Sports Med. 2023.
- Health service guidance NHS. Stress. Every Mind Matters, NHS.
- Randomised trial Wakui N, Kagi H, Hirota Y, et al. Evaluation of the Anxiety-Reducing Effects of Aroma Stones with Bergamot Essential Oil before Examinations: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Integr Complement Med. 2026.
- Case reports Kaddu S, Kerl H, Wolf P. Accidental bullous phototoxic reactions to bergamot aromatherapy oil. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2001.
- Randomised trial Goes TC, Ursulino FR, Almeida-Souza TH, Alves PB, Teixeira-Silva F. Effect of Lemongrass Aroma on Experimental Anxiety in Humans. J Altern Complement Med. 2015.
- Randomised trial Maybodi FR, Herandi V, Vaezpour MS. Effect of aromatherapy with lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) on the anxiety of patients undergoing scaling and root planning: a randomized clinical trial. BMC Complement Med Ther. 2025.
- Randomised trial Moslemi F, Alijaniha F, Naseri M, Kazemnejad A, Charkhkar M, Heidari MR. Citrus aurantium Aroma for Anxiety in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome: A Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial. J Altern Complement Med. 2019.
- Cluster-randomised trial Czakert J, Kandil FI, Boujnah H, et al. Scenting serenity: influence of essential-oil vaporization on dental anxiety - a cluster-randomized, controlled, single-blinded study (AROMA_dent). Sci Rep. 2024.
- Government statistics National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). Any Anxiety Disorder. Mental health statistics.
- Fact sheet World Health Organization. Anxiety disorders. Fact sheet. 2026.
- Government statistics Health and Safety Executive. Work-related stress, depression or anxiety statistics in Great Britain, 2025.
Reviewed by Healthy and Herbal editors · 10 October 2026 · Next review April 2027
Reader notes
Experiences and questions from readers, read by an editor before they appear. They are personal accounts, not evidence, and are not medical advice.